Ramesh faces North and moves 3km. Now he turns left and moves 2km, then he turns 45 degree to right and moves 5 km, then again he turns 45 degree left and moved 2km. Now in which direction he is facing?

Pointing towards a lady, A girl said, “ She is only sister of the paternal grandmother of Ramesh who is brother of mine”. Then how that lady is related to that girl’s father?

Which of the following word will be exactly in the middle of Telephone directory?

Study the following information carefully and answer the question given below-

Eight friends i.e. P, Q, T, B, X, F, O and D who were born in different month of same year. These months are February, March, April, June, July, August, November and December but not necessary in same order. They have seated on a bench. Some are facing towards North and some are facing towards South. The persons who sit at extreme end of the bench face opposite directions. X sits immediate right of Q, who was born in April. There are 3 friends sit between Q and P, who is younger than F. O faces the same direction as F faces. F sits 3rd right of X. B,who was born in March, sits at extreme end. There are 2 friends between B and the one who was born in February, who faces North. The one who was born in August faces South and sits 2nd right from D, who was born in July. The one who was born in March faces North. X was born in December and is an immediate neighbor of B. O sits 2nd right of T ,who is older than O. P faces the opposite direction to Q. P can’t be face to south direction.

Who among the following sits 2nd left to the one who was born in June?

Study the following information carefully and answer the question given below-

Eight friends i.e. P, Q, T, B, X, F, O and D who were born in different month of same year. These months are February, March, April, June, July, August, November and December but not necessary in same order. They have seated on a bench. Some are facing towards North and some are facing towards South. The persons who sit at extreme end of the bench face opposite directions. X sits immediate right of Q, who was born in April. There are 3 friends sit between Q and P, who is younger than F. O faces the same direction as F faces. F sits 3rd right of X. B,who was born in March, sits at extreme end. There are 2 friends between B and the one who was born in February, who faces North. The one who was born in August faces South and sits 2nd right from D, who was born in July. The one who was born in March faces North. X was born in December and is an immediate neighbor of B. O sits 2nd right of T ,who is older than O. P faces the opposite direction to Q. P can’t be face to south direction.

How many friends face North directions?

Study the following information carefully and answer the question given below-

Eight friends i.e. P, Q, T, B, X, F, O and D who were born in different month of same year. These months are February, March, April, June, July, August, November and December but not necessary in same order. They have seated on a bench. Some are facing towards North and some are facing towards South. The persons who sit at extreme end of the bench face opposite directions. X sits immediate right of Q, who was born in April. There are 3 friends sit between Q and P, who is younger than F. O faces the same direction as F faces. F sits 3rd right of X. B,who was born in March, sits at extreme end. There are 2 friends between B and the one who was born in February, who faces North. The one who was born in August faces South and sits 2nd right from D, who was born in July. The one who was born in March faces North. X was born in December and is an immediate neighbor of B. O sits 2nd right of T ,who is older than O. P faces the opposite direction to Q. P can’t be face to south direction.

Who among the following sits at extreme ends?

Study the following information carefully and answer the question given below-

Eight friends i.e. P, Q, T, B, X, F, O and D who were born in different month of same year. These months are February, March, April, June, July, August, November and December but not necessary in same order. They have seated on a bench. Some are facing towards North and some are facing towards South. The persons who sit at extreme end of the bench face opposite directions. X sits immediate right of Q, who was born in April. There are 3 friends sit between Q and P, who is younger than F. O faces the same direction as F faces. F sits 3rd right of X. B,who was born in March, sits at extreme end. There are 2 friends between B and the one who was born in February, who faces North. The one who was born in August faces South and sits 2nd right from D, who was born in July. The one who was born in March faces North. X was born in December and is an immediate neighbor of B. O sits 2nd right of T ,who is older than O. P faces the opposite direction to Q. P can’t be face to south direction.

Who among the following is an immediate neighbor of T?

Study the following information carefully and answer the question given below-

Eight friends i.e. P, Q, T, B, X, F, O and D who were born in different month of same year. These months are February, March, April, June, July, August, November and December but not necessary in same order. They have seated on a bench. Some are facing towards North and some are facing towards South. The persons who sit at extreme end of the bench face opposite directions. X sits immediate right of Q, who was born in April. There are 3 friends sit between Q and P, who is younger than F. O faces the same direction as F faces. F sits 3rd right of X. B,who was born in March, sits at extreme end. There are 2 friends between B and the one who was born in February, who faces North. The one who was born in August faces South and sits 2nd right from D, who was born in July. The one who was born in March faces North. X was born in December and is an immediate neighbor of B. O sits 2nd right of T ,who is older than O. P faces the opposite direction to Q. P can’t be face to south direction.

In which of the following month O was born?

In a Bus, Mohan is 22th from left and Sneha is 19th from right. They interchange their positions. Now, Mohan is 32nd from left. What is the total number of passenger in the Bus?

The ratio between the present ages of Parul and Kshama is 7 : 6 respectively. Parul present aage is 4 year less than Kshama’s age after 8 years. find the ratio of their ages after 6 years

The length and the breadth of a rectangle are increased in the ratio of 4 : 5 and 5 : 6 respectively. What is the ratio of the old area to the new one of the rectangle?

A vessel contains a mixture of liquid A and liquid B in the ratio 3 : 2. Five litres of mixture are taken out and replaced by liquid B. Thereafter, the ratio of liquid A and liquid B becomes 2 : 3. Find the quantity of liquid A in the mixture initially.

A man purchased 120 laptop tables at the rate of Rs. 80 per table. He spent Rs 280 on transportation, paid tax at the rate of 40 paise per table and paid Rs 72 to the coolie. If he wants to have a gain of 8%, the selling price per table must be (in Rs)

Vikas borrowed Rs 50,000 from a bank at 20% per annum compound interest. At the end of every year, he paid Rs 15,000. If he wanted to clear his loan at the end of 3rd year, how much amount he needed to pay at the end of 3rd year ?

Mr. Shah’s monthly income is Rs 54,550. In an entire year, he spends 32% of his annual salary on groceries, 12% on equipment repairs, 10% on servant ,and the half of remaining amount is invested in fixed deposit, what is the amount invested by him in fixed deposit?

A dishonest shopkeeper takes 25% more than the indicated weight when he purchases the items from the dealer. He gives 25% less than the indicated weight to his customer at the cost price, then find the profit percentage of the shopkeeper

8 boys and 6 girls can complete a work in 6 days. 10 boys and 12 girls can complete the same work in 4 days. How long will 18 boys and 9 girls take to finish the same work?

P can do a job in 8 days, Q in 12 days and R in 16 days. How many days are required to finish the work by R if he is assisted by P and Q on every second day?

An inlet pipe fills at the rate of 10 liter in one minute and an outlet pipe can empty the same tank in 42 minutes. If both the pipes are opened in a full tank then the tank will be empty in 63 minutes. What is the capacity of the tank (in litres)?

Study the following data related to the sales distribution of mobiles phones by five shopkeepers in June, 2017. Total sells of all five shopkeepers in June, 2017 is considered to be 100%.

Find the total number of Windows phone sold by P and Q together ?

Study the following data related to the sales distribution of mobiles phones by five shopkeepers in June, 2017. Total sells of all five shopkeepers in June, 2017 is considered to be 100%.

Android phones sold by S are by what percent more or less than the windows phones sold by R (rounded upto two decimal places)?

Study the following data related to the sales distribution of mobiles phones by five shopkeepers in June, 2017. Total sells of all five shopkeepers in June, 2017 is considered to be 100%.

The sells of Q and S increased by andrespectively in July 2017 than previous month. Find the total mobiles sold by Q and S in July, 2017 ?

Study the following data related to the sales distribution of mobiles phones by five shopkeepers in June, 2017. Total sells of all five shopkeepers in June, 2017 is considered to be 100%.

Find the ratio of number of Windows phones sold by P to that of Window phones sold by R.

Study the following data related to the sales distribution of mobiles phones by five shopkeepers in June, 2017. Total sells of all five shopkeepers in June, 2017 is considered to be 100%.

Find the difference in the average of Windows phones sold by P and Q and average of Android phones sold by S and T.

A man rowed a certain distance downstream in 80% of the time he rowed the same distance upsteam. What is the ratio of speed of the stream to the speed to the speed of the boat in still water?

Two pipes can fill a tank in 3 hours and 4.5 hours, respectively. If both are opened together and the faster pipe is closed when two thirds of the tank is filled then what is the total time taken to fill the tank?

Veeru takes 21 hours more than Jai to complete a piece of work. Jai takes 7 hours more than Gabbar. Veeru and Jai can complete the same work in the same time as Gabbar. Find the time (in hours) taken to complete the work by Gabbar alone

Seven balls are drawn from a bag that contains 8 green and 6 white balls. In how many ways 3 green and 4 white balls can be drawn?

Manoj is known to speak the truth 5 out of 7 times. He selects a card at random from a pack of cards and reports that it is a card having a numeric value on it. Find the probability that it is actually a card with a numerical value.

Study the following pie-chart and table carefully and answer the questions given below:

Percentage distribution of the number of refrigerators sold by a dealer during six months

The respective ratio between the number of refrigerators sold of company LG and Samsung during six months

What is the total number of refrigerators sold of company LG during January and April together?

Percentage distribution of the number of refrigerators sold by a dealer during six months

The respective ratio between the number of refrigerators sold of company LG and Samsung during six months

The number of refrigerators sold of company LG during May is approximately what percent of the number of refrigerators sold of company Samsung during January?

Study the following pie-chart and table carefully and answer the questions given below:

Percentage distribution of the number of refrigerators sold by a dealer during six months

The respective ratio between the number of refrigerators sold of company LG and Samsung during six months

What is the respective ratio between the number of refrigerators sold of company LG during March and those sold during June of the same company?

Study the following pie-chart and table carefully and answer the questions given below:

Percentage distribution of the number of refrigerators sold by a dealer during six months

The respective ratio between the number of refrigerators sold of company LG and Samsung during six months

If 20% of the refrigerators sold of company LG during May were sold at a discount, how many refrigerators of company LG during that month were sold without a discount?

Study the following pie-chart and table carefully and answer the questions given below:

Percentage distribution of the number of refrigerators sold by a dealer during six months

The respective ratio between the number of refrigerators sold of company LG and Samsung during six months

If the dealer earned a profit of Rs. 5000 on each refrigerator sold of company Samsung during June, what was his total profit earned on the refrigerators of that company during the same month?

Ram and Shyam are travelling from point A to B, which are 60 km apart. Travelling at a certain speed ram takes one hour more than Shyam to reach point B. If Ram doubles his speed he will take 30 minutes less than Shyam to reach point B. At what speed was Ram driving from point A to B ?

To do a certain work B would take three times as long as A and C together and C twice as long as long as A and B together. The three men together complete the work in 10 days. How long would A take separately?

A bag contains 15 tickets numbered 1 to 15. A ticket is drawn and replaced. Then one more ticket is drawn. The probability that first number drawn is even and second is odd is:

From each of two given numbers, half the smaller number is subtracted. Of the resulting numbers, the larger one is three times as large as the smaller. What is the ratio of larger to smaller numbers?

If a person makes a profit of 10% on one-fourth of the quantity sold and a loss of 20% on the rest, then what is his average per cent profit or loss?

_____ is a set of computer programs used on a computer to help perform tasks.

Which of the following is an example of computer software?

Internet Explorer is a(n) _____.

_____ is the set of programs that enables your computer’s hardware devices and application software to work together.

What is the full form of DTP in Computers?

Which of the following is an example of application software?

Mozilla Firefox is a _____.

_____ is usually recorded and played, displayed, or accessed by information content processing devices, which as computerized and electronic devices, but can also be part of live performance.

Which of the following appropriately relates with starting up an operating system?

In MS-DOS 6.22, which part identifies that product uniquely?

DOS stands for _____.

_____ is a set of programs that are hardcoded on a chip to load into ROM at startup.

The ability of an operating system to run more than one application at a time is called _________.

Operating system is a(n) _____.

Which one of the following(s) is/are/ real time operating system?

Which of the following is not a type of database?

Which among the following is an organised collection of data about a single entity?

Which of the following is not a DBMS software?

DBMS helps to achieve:

A Database Administrator (DBA) is a _______.

__________ means that the data contained in a database is accurate, consistent and reliable.

The feature in database language that allows us to access certain records in database is called __________.

Which of the following is not aggregate function?

For each attribute of a relation, there is a set of permitted values, called the __________ of that attribute.

The __________ operation performs a set union of two ‘similarly structured’ tables.

What is a tuple?

In relational database, a field is a:

Which one of the following is a set of one or more attributes taken collectively to uniquely identify a record?

A __________ is a property of the entire relation, rather than of the individual tuples in which each tuple is unique.

A __________ is an abstract model that describes, how the data are organized and represented.

Which of the following is the correct option that allows users to bring together copies of workbooks that other users have worked on independently in MS Excel?

EBCDIC stands for?

__________ ports connect special types of music instruments to sound cards.

Which program, installed on the user’s computer help him to communicate or send request on the network?

A collection of unprocessed items is ________.

Which type of system can learn and adjust to new circumstances by themselves?

WORM stands for?

Who among the following is inventor of transistors?

What is the short cut key to open Font dialog box in MS Word?

The ______ button on the Quick Access Toolbar allows you to cancel your recent commands or activities.

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. 

A fundamental principle of pharmacology is that all drugs have multiple actions. Actions that are desirable in the treatment of disease are considered therapeutic, while those that are undesirable or pose risks to the patient are called “effects.” Adverse drug effects range from the trivial, e.g., nausea or dry mouth, to the serious, e.g., massive gastrointestinal bleeding or thromboembolism; and some drugs can be lethal. Therefore, an effective system for the detection of adverse drug effects is an important component of the health care system of any advanced nation. Much of the research conducted on new drugs aims at identifying the conditions of use that maximize beneficial effects and minimize the risk of adverse effects.
The intent of drug labeling is to reflect this body of knowledge accurately so that physicians can properly prescribe the drug; or, if it is to be sold without prescription, so that consumers can properly use the drug.
The current system of drug investigation in the United States has proved very useful and accurate in identifying the common side effects associated with new prescription drugs. By the time a new drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration, its side effects are usually well described in the package insert for physicians. The investigational process, however, cannot be counted on to detect all adverse effects because of the relatively small number of patients involved in premarketing studies and the relatively short duration of the studies.
Animal toxicology studies are, of course, done prior to marketing in an attempt to identify any potential for toxicity, but negative results do not guarantee the safety of a drug in humans, as evidenced by such well known examples as the birth deformities due to thalidomide.
This recognition prompted the establishment in many countries of programs to which physicians report adverse drug effects. The United States and other countries also send reports to an international program operated by the World Health Organization. These programs, however, are voluntary reporting programs and are intended to serve a limited goal: alerting a government or private agency to adverse drug effects detected by physicians in the course of practice. Other approaches must be used to confirm suspected drug reactions and to estimate incidence rates. These other approaches include conducting retrospective control studies; for example, the studies associating endometrial cancer with estrogen use, and systematic monitoring of hospitalized patients to determine the incidence of acute common side effects, as typified by the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program.
Thus, the overall drug surveillance system of the United States is composed of a set of information bases, special studies, and monitoring programs, each contributing in its own way to our knowledge about marketed drugs. The system is decentralized among a number of governmental units and is not administered as a coordinated function. Still, it would be inappropriate at this time to attempt to unite all of the disparate elements into a comprehensive surveillance program. Instead, the challenge is to improve each segment of the system and to take advantage of new computer strategies to improve coordination and communication.

The author is primarily concerned with discussing:

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. 

A fundamental principle of pharmacology is that all drugs have multiple actions. Actions that are desirable in the treatment of disease are considered therapeutic, while those that are undesirable or pose risks to the patient are called “effects.” Adverse drug effects range from the trivial, e.g., nausea or dry mouth, to the serious, e.g., massive gastrointestinal bleeding or thromboembolism; and some drugs can be lethal. Therefore, an effective system for the detection of adverse drug effects is an important component of the health care system of any advanced nation. Much of the research conducted on new drugs aims at identifying the conditions of use that maximize beneficial effects and minimize the risk of adverse effects.
The intent of drug labeling is to reflect this body of knowledge accurately so that physicians can properly prescribe the drug; or, if it is to be sold without prescription, so that consumers can properly use the drug.
The current system of drug investigation in the United States has proved very useful and accurate in identifying the common side effects associated with new prescription drugs. By the time a new drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration, its side effects are usually well described in the package insert for physicians. The investigational process, however, cannot be counted on to detect all adverse effects because of the relatively small number of patients involved in premarketing studies and the relatively short duration of the studies.
Animal toxicology studies are, of course, done prior to marketing in an attempt to identify any potential for toxicity, but negative results do not guarantee the safety of a drug in humans, as evidenced by such well known examples as the birth deformities due to thalidomide.
This recognition prompted the establishment in many countries of programs to which physicians report adverse drug effects. The United States and other countries also send reports to an international program operated by the World Health Organization. These programs, however, are voluntary reporting programs and are intended to serve a limited goal: alerting a government or private agency to adverse drug effects detected by physicians in the course of practice. Other approaches must be used to confirm suspected drug reactions and to estimate incidence rates. These other approaches include conducting retrospective control studies; for example, the studies associating endometrial cancer with estrogen use, and systematic monitoring of hospitalized patients to determine the incidence of acute common side effects, as typified by the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program.
Thus, the overall drug surveillance system of the United States is composed of a set of information bases, special studies, and monitoring programs, each contributing in its own way to our knowledge about marketed drugs. The system is decentralized among a number of governmental units and is not administered as a coordinated function. Still, it would be inappropriate at this time to attempt to unite all of the disparate elements into a comprehensive surveillance program. Instead, the challenge is to improve each segment of the system and to take advantage of new computer strategies to improve coordination and communication.

The author implies that a drug with adverse side effects:

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. 

A fundamental principle of pharmacology is that all drugs have multiple actions. Actions that are desirable in the treatment of disease are considered therapeutic, while those that are undesirable or pose risks to the patient are called “effects.” Adverse drug effects range from the trivial, e.g., nausea or dry mouth, to the serious, e.g., massive gastrointestinal bleeding or thromboembolism; and some drugs can be lethal. Therefore, an effective system for the detection of adverse drug effects is an important component of the health care system of any advanced nation. Much of the research conducted on new drugs aims at identifying the conditions of use that maximize beneficial effects and minimize the risk of adverse effects.
The intent of drug labeling is to reflect this body of knowledge accurately so that physicians can properly prescribe the drug; or, if it is to be sold without prescription, so that consumers can properly use the drug.
The current system of drug investigation in the United States has proved very useful and accurate in identifying the common side effects associated with new prescription drugs. By the time a new drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration, its side effects are usually well described in the package insert for physicians. The investigational process, however, cannot be counted on to detect all adverse effects because of the relatively small number of patients involved in premarketing studies and the relatively short duration of the studies.
Animal toxicology studies are, of course, done prior to marketing in an attempt to identify any potential for toxicity, but negative results do not guarantee the safety of a drug in humans, as evidenced by such well known examples as the birth deformities due to thalidomide.
This recognition prompted the establishment in many countries of programs to which physicians report adverse drug effects. The United States and other countries also send reports to an international program operated by the World Health Organization. These programs, however, are voluntary reporting programs and are intended to serve a limited goal: alerting a government or private agency to adverse drug effects detected by physicians in the course of practice. Other approaches must be used to confirm suspected drug reactions and to estimate incidence rates. These other approaches include conducting retrospective control studies; for example, the studies associating endometrial cancer with estrogen use, and systematic monitoring of hospitalized patients to determine the incidence of acute common side effects, as typified by the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program.
Thus, the overall drug surveillance system of the United States is composed of a set of information bases, special studies, and monitoring programs, each contributing in its own way to our knowledge about marketed drugs. The system is decentralized among a number of governmental units and is not administered as a coordinated function. Still, it would be inappropriate at this time to attempt to unite all of the disparate elements into a comprehensive surveillance program. Instead, the challenge is to improve each segment of the system and to take advantage of new computer strategies to improve coordination and communication.

Which of the following can be inferred from the given passage?

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. 

A fundamental principle of pharmacology is that all drugs have multiple actions. Actions that are desirable in the treatment of disease are considered therapeutic, while those that are undesirable or pose risks to the patient are called “effects.” Adverse drug effects range from the trivial, e.g., nausea or dry mouth, to the serious, e.g., massive gastrointestinal bleeding or thromboembolism; and some drugs can be lethal. Therefore, an effective system for the detection of adverse drug effects is an important component of the health care system of any advanced nation. Much of the research conducted on new drugs aims at identifying the conditions of use that maximize beneficial effects and minimize the risk of adverse effects.
The intent of drug labeling is to reflect this body of knowledge accurately so that physicians can properly prescribe the drug; or, if it is to be sold without prescription, so that consumers can properly use the drug.
The current system of drug investigation in the United States has proved very useful and accurate in identifying the common side effects associated with new prescription drugs. By the time a new drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration, its side effects are usually well described in the package insert for physicians. The investigational process, however, cannot be counted on to detect all adverse effects because of the relatively small number of patients involved in premarketing studies and the relatively short duration of the studies.
Animal toxicology studies are, of course, done prior to marketing in an attempt to identify any potential for toxicity, but negative results do not guarantee the safety of a drug in humans, as evidenced by such well known examples as the birth deformities due to thalidomide.
This recognition prompted the establishment in many countries of programs to which physicians report adverse drug effects. The United States and other countries also send reports to an international program operated by the World Health Organization. These programs, however, are voluntary reporting programs and are intended to serve a limited goal: alerting a government or private agency to adverse drug effects detected by physicians in the course of practice. Other approaches must be used to confirm suspected drug reactions and to estimate incidence rates. These other approaches include conducting retrospective control studies; for example, the studies associating endometrial cancer with estrogen use, and systematic monitoring of hospitalized patients to determine the incidence of acute common side effects, as typified by the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program.
Thus, the overall drug surveillance system of the United States is composed of a set of information bases, special studies, and monitoring programs, each contributing in its own way to our knowledge about marketed drugs. The system is decentralized among a number of governmental units and is not administered as a coordinated function. Still, it would be inappropriate at this time to attempt to unite all of the disparate elements into a comprehensive surveillance program. Instead, the challenge is to improve each segment of the system and to take advantage of new computer strategies to improve coordination and communication.

The author introduces the example of thalidomide to show that some:

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. 

A fundamental principle of pharmacology is that all drugs have multiple actions. Actions that are desirable in the treatment of disease are considered therapeutic, while those that are undesirable or pose risks to the patient are called “effects.” Adverse drug effects range from the trivial, e.g., nausea or dry mouth, to the serious, e.g., massive gastrointestinal bleeding or thromboembolism; and some drugs can be lethal. Therefore, an effective system for the detection of adverse drug effects is an important component of the health care system of any advanced nation. Much of the research conducted on new drugs aims at identifying the conditions of use that maximize beneficial effects and minimize the risk of adverse effects.
The intent of drug labeling is to reflect this body of knowledge accurately so that physicians can properly prescribe the drug; or, if it is to be sold without prescription, so that consumers can properly use the drug.
The current system of drug investigation in the United States has proved very useful and accurate in identifying the common side effects associated with new prescription drugs. By the time a new drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration, its side effects are usually well described in the package insert for physicians. The investigational process, however, cannot be counted on to detect all adverse effects because of the relatively small number of patients involved in premarketing studies and the relatively short duration of the studies.
Animal toxicology studies are, of course, done prior to marketing in an attempt to identify any potential for toxicity, but negative results do not guarantee the safety of a drug in humans, as evidenced by such well known examples as the birth deformities due to thalidomide.
This recognition prompted the establishment in many countries of programs to which physicians report adverse drug effects. The United States and other countries also send reports to an international program operated by the World Health Organization. These programs, however, are voluntary reporting programs and are intended to serve a limited goal: alerting a government or private agency to adverse drug effects detected by physicians in the course of practice. Other approaches must be used to confirm suspected drug reactions and to estimate incidence rates. These other approaches include conducting retrospective control studies; for example, the studies associating endometrial cancer with estrogen use, and systematic monitoring of hospitalized patients to determine the incidence of acute common side effects, as typified by the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program.
Thus, the overall drug surveillance system of the United States is composed of a set of information bases, special studies, and monitoring programs, each contributing in its own way to our knowledge about marketed drugs. The system is decentralized among a number of governmental units and is not administered as a coordinated function. Still, it would be inappropriate at this time to attempt to unite all of the disparate elements into a comprehensive surveillance program. Instead, the challenge is to improve each segment of the system and to take advantage of new computer strategies to improve coordination and communication.

The author of the passage regards current drug investigation procedures as:

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. 

A fundamental principle of pharmacology is that all drugs have multiple actions. Actions that are desirable in the treatment of disease are considered therapeutic, while those that are undesirable or pose risks to the patient are called “effects.” Adverse drug effects range from the trivial, e.g., nausea or dry mouth, to the serious, e.g., massive gastrointestinal bleeding or thromboembolism; and some drugs can be lethal. Therefore, an effective system for the detection of adverse drug effects is an important component of the health care system of any advanced nation. Much of the research conducted on new drugs aims at identifying the conditions of use that maximize beneficial effects and minimize the risk of adverse effects.
The intent of drug labeling is to reflect this body of knowledge accurately so that physicians can properly prescribe the drug; or, if it is to be sold without prescription, so that consumers can properly use the drug.
The current system of drug investigation in the United States has proved very useful and accurate in identifying the common side effects associated with new prescription drugs. By the time a new drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration, its side effects are usually well described in the package insert for physicians. The investigational process, however, cannot be counted on to detect all adverse effects because of the relatively small number of patients involved in premarketing studies and the relatively short duration of the studies.
Animal toxicology studies are, of course, done prior to marketing in an attempt to identify any potential for toxicity, but negative results do not guarantee the safety of a drug in humans, as evidenced by such well known examples as the birth deformities due to thalidomide.
This recognition prompted the establishment in many countries of programs to which physicians report adverse drug effects. The United States and other countries also send reports to an international program operated by the World Health Organization. These programs, however, are voluntary reporting programs and are intended to serve a limited goal: alerting a government or private agency to adverse drug effects detected by physicians in the course of practice. Other approaches must be used to confirm suspected drug reactions and to estimate incidence rates. These other approaches include conducting retrospective control studies; for example, the studies associating endometrial cancer with estrogen use, and systematic monitoring of hospitalized patients to determine the incidence of acute common side effects, as typified by the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program.
Thus, the overall drug surveillance system of the United States is composed of a set of information bases, special studies, and monitoring programs, each contributing in its own way to our knowledge about marketed drugs. The system is decentralized among a number of governmental units and is not administered as a coordinated function. Still, it would be inappropriate at this time to attempt to unite all of the disparate elements into a comprehensive surveillance program. Instead, the challenge is to improve each segment of the system and to take advantage of new computer strategies to improve coordination and communication.

The author is most probably leading to a discussion of some suggestions about how to:

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. 

A fundamental principle of pharmacology is that all drugs have multiple actions. Actions that are desirable in the treatment of disease are considered therapeutic, while those that are undesirable or pose risks to the patient are called “effects.” Adverse drug effects range from the trivial, e.g., nausea or dry mouth, to the serious, e.g., massive gastrointestinal bleeding or thromboembolism; and some drugs can be lethal. Therefore, an effective system for the detection of adverse drug effects is an important component of the health care system of any advanced nation. Much of the research conducted on new drugs aims at identifying the conditions of use that maximize beneficial effects and minimize the risk of adverse effects.
The intent of drug labeling is to reflect this body of knowledge accurately so that physicians can properly prescribe the drug; or, if it is to be sold without prescription, so that consumers can properly use the drug.
The current system of drug investigation in the United States has proved very useful and accurate in identifying the common side effects associated with new prescription drugs. By the time a new drug is approved by the Food and Drug Administration, its side effects are usually well described in the package insert for physicians. The investigational process, however, cannot be counted on to detect all adverse effects because of the relatively small number of patients involved in premarketing studies and the relatively short duration of the studies.
Animal toxicology studies are, of course, done prior to marketing in an attempt to identify any potential for toxicity, but negative results do not guarantee the safety of a drug in humans, as evidenced by such well known examples as the birth deformities due to thalidomide.
This recognition prompted the establishment in many countries of programs to which physicians report adverse drug effects. The United States and other countries also send reports to an international program operated by the World Health Organization. These programs, however, are voluntary reporting programs and are intended to serve a limited goal: alerting a government or private agency to adverse drug effects detected by physicians in the course of practice. Other approaches must be used to confirm suspected drug reactions and to estimate incidence rates. These other approaches include conducting retrospective control studies; for example, the studies associating endometrial cancer with estrogen use, and systematic monitoring of hospitalized patients to determine the incidence of acute common side effects, as typified by the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program.
Thus, the overall drug surveillance system of the United States is composed of a set of information bases, special studies, and monitoring programs, each contributing in its own way to our knowledge about marketed drugs. The system is decentralized among a number of governmental units and is not administered as a coordinated function. Still, it would be inappropriate at this time to attempt to unite all of the disparate elements into a comprehensive surveillance program. Instead, the challenge is to improve each segment of the system and to take advantage of new computer strategies to improve coordination and communication.

The author relies on which of the following in developing the passage?

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words are given in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.

The India-Japan relationship is rapidly gathering momentum, taking shape faster than any of New Delhi’s current strategic partnerships. The 2017 annual summit on 13-14 September highlighted the strategic underpinnings of this partnership. While developments in the relationship led by Prime Ministers Shinzō Abe and Narendra Modi continue to be rapid, the partnership post the 2016 summit began to take a bolder tone and approach to the changing security environment. Japan and India, today are beginning to outline a framework to shape and lead the region. From discussing the importance of a rules-based order, New Delhi and Tokyo today are outlining their “central role in such a rules-based order”. Speaking at an India-Japan colloquium just a few days before Abe’s visit to India, foreign secretary S. Jaishankar provided a significant insight into the future of this relationship. He noted, “Today, the two countries clearly see each other much more strategically (the relationship before Modi and Abe was primarily economically dominated)… realize the importance of shaping Asia’s architecture promoting its growth, development, and stability. ” Underlining the importance attached to this relationship, he continued, “From just comparing notes, we have now moved on to explore the possibilities of collaborating on projects in third countries… The agenda for India-Japan relations has elements today that could not have beencontemplated some years ago.” There is no overstating the comfort and trust in the India-Japan relationship. New Delhi has discussed and ventured into collaborations with Tokyo on areas that are new and sensitive.
A foundational pillar of this relationship is connectivity. New Delhi is perhaps one of the sharpest and loudest critics of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Japan was the first country to come out in India’s support during the Doklam standoff. The trust and support in the relationship is advancing this strategic partnership into a new avenue. Apart from development on the domestic front, such as the inauguration of the Ahmedabad-Mumbai high-speed rail project, India and Japan are now projecting this partnership at a regional level, beginning in South Asia, expanding into the Indian Ocean and onwards to Africa. Where India struggled to meet its domestic requirements on infrastructure development, it is now outlining regional strategic connectivity and infrastructure investments in partnership with Japan.
Abe in August 2016 had talked about a “free and open Indo-Pacific strategy” in Kenya. The joint statement post the 2016 annual summit in November the same year laid the ground for a broad Indo-Japanese vision for the Indo-Pacific. The two leaders discussed the strategy and announced their intention to build a maritime corridor connecting Asia and Africa. The idea was simple: to provide seamless connectivity between the two continents with immense infrastructure and commercial potential. The pace of developments since these announcements have been rapid and significant given the technicalities in bureaucratic negotiations. The idea to build a sea corridor resulted in the “Asia-Africa Growth Corridor” in May this year, a week after India refused to join China’s Belt and Road Forum. The 2016 summit also saw the leaders underlining their intent to enhance connectivity in northeast India, develop “smart islands” and joint collaboration in the port of Chabahar. The 2017 summit significantly advanced their initiative to develop the northeast which shares international borders with China, Bangladesh and Myanmar, with a territory contested by China (Arunachal Pradesh).
While the idea of building smart islands is interpreted as developing India’s sensitive Andaman and Nicobar Islands, any real commitments are yet to be seen. The 2017 summit though reinforces Indo-Japanese commitment for developing smart islands to boost connectivity. However, if Indo-Japanese collaborations in the northeast is any sign, Tokyo would perhaps be New Delhi’s first preference should India decide to engage a foreign partner.
The Japanese ambassador to India, Kenji Hiramatsu, travelled to the northeastern state of Manipur in May with 38 Japanese companies in India, urging them to invest in the region. It was the first visit by a Japanese ambassador to the region on thecommemoration of the 73rd anniversary of the Battle of Imphal, World War II, where the Japanese army fought the Allied forces in 1944. In August, New Delhi and Tokyo took a step forward with the launch of the “Japan-India Coordination Forum for Development of Northeastern Region”. This is perhaps the only dedicated forum between India and a foreign government on the development of the northeast—a region that physically connects India to southeast Asia. India’s decision to engage Japan in the northeast underlines New Delhi’s pragmatism and a shift toward a bolder foreign policy engagement.

According to the passage, how can the India-Japan strategic partnership, be marked as significant?

(I) The partnership between India and Japan will bring rapid developments and hence help in shaping and leading the nation.
(II) The India-Japan strategic partnership will contribute in shaping Asia’s architecture promoting its growth, development, and stability.
(III) The strategic relationship between the two (India and Japan) will ameliorate to collaborate on some projects with third countries.

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions given below it. Certain words are given in bold to help you locate them while answering some of the questions.

The India-Japan relationship is rapidly gathering momentum, taking shape faster than any of New Delhi’s current strategic partnerships. The 2017 annual summit on 13-14 September highlighted the strategic underpinnings of this partnership. While developments in the relationship led by Prime Ministers Shinzō Abe and Narendra Modi continue to be rapid, the partnership post the 2016 summit began to take a bolder tone and approach to the changing security environment. Japan and India, today are beginning to outline a framework to shape and lead the region. From discussing the importance of a rules-based order, New Delhi and Tokyo today are outlining their “central role in such a rules-based order”. Speaking at an India-Japan colloquium just a few days before Abe’s visit to India, foreign secretary S. Jaishankar provided a significant insight into the future of this relationship. He noted, “Today, the two countries clearly see each other much more strategically (the relationship before Modi and Abe was primarily economically dominated)… realize the importance of shaping Asia’s architecture promoting its growth, development, and stability. ” Underlining the importance attached to this relationship, he continued, “From just comparing notes, we have now moved on to explore the possibilities of collaborating on projects in third countries… The agenda for India-Japan relations has elements today that could not have beencontemplated some years ago.” There is no overstating the comfort and trust in the India-Japan relationship. New Delhi has discussed and ventured into collaborations with Tokyo on areas that are new and sensitive.
A foundational pillar of this relationship is connectivity. New Delhi is perhaps one of the sharpest and loudest critics of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Japan was the first country to come out in India’s support during the Doklam standoff. The trust and support in the relationship is advancing this strategic partnership into a new avenue. Apart from development on the domestic front, such as the inauguration of the Ahmedabad-Mumbai high-speed rail project, India and Japan are now projecting this partnership at a regional level, beginning in South Asia, expanding into the Indian Ocean and onwards to Africa. Where India struggled to meet its domestic requirements on infrastructure development, it is now outlining regional strategic connectivity and infrastructure investments in partnership with Japan.
Abe in August 2016 had talked about a “free and open Indo-Pacific strategy” in Kenya. The joint statement post the 2016 annual summit in November the same year laid the ground for a broad Indo-Japanese vision for the Indo-Pacific. The two leaders discussed the strategy and announced their intention to build a maritime corridor connecting Asia and Africa. The idea was simple: to provide seamless connectivity between the two continents with immense infrastructure and commercial potential. The pace of developments since these announcements have been rapid and significant given the technicalities in bureaucratic negotiations. The idea to build a sea corridor resulted in the “Asia-Africa Growth Corridor” in May this year, a week after India refused to join China’s Belt and Road Forum. The 2016 summit also saw the leaders underlining their intent to enhance connectivity in northeast India, develop “smart islands” and joint collaboration in the port of Chabahar. The 2017 summit significantly advanced their initiative to develop the northeast which shares international borders with China, Bangladesh and Myanmar, with a territory contested by China (Arunachal Pradesh).
While the idea of building smart islands is interpreted as developing India’s sensitive Andaman and Nicobar Islands, any real commitments are yet to be seen. The 2017 summit though reinforces Indo-Japanese commitment for developing smart islands to boost connectivity. However, if Indo-Japanese collaborations in the northeast is any sign, Tokyo would perhaps be New Delhi’s first preference should India decide to engage a foreign partner.
The Japanese ambassador to India, Kenji Hiramatsu, travelled to the northeastern state of Manipur in May with 38 Japanese companies in India, urging them to invest in the region. It was the first visit by a Japanese ambassador to the region on thecommemoration of the 73rd anniversary of the Battle of Imphal, World War II, where the Japanese army fought the Allied forces in 1944. In August, New Delhi and Tokyo took a step forward with the launch of the “Japan-India Coordination Forum for Development of Northeastern Region”. This is perhaps the only dedicated forum between India and a foreign government on the development of the northeast—a region that physically connects India to southeast Asia. India’s decision to engage Japan in the northeast underlines New Delhi’s pragmatism and a shift toward a bolder foreign policy engagement.

What does the author mean by the sentence, “a foundational pillar of this relationship is connectivity”?